Royal Wedding Media Coverage

Example of a great media coverage The Royal wedding in 2011 Many PR specialists define the Royal Wedding of Kate Middleton and prince William as the PR event of the year. It is a proof that a well- managed event can resonate for months or even years. It has set the beginning of the reputation building of this new family. As Pagefield's founder and senior partner Mark Gallagher argues, the event not only promoted the young couple, but also gave the monarchy, London and the UK a boost. Before the event, there was an estimated number of 8500 journalists expected to arrive in London from abroad.More than 36 broadcasters, such as BBC, Sky News, ABC, NBC, CBS, Al-Jazeera etc. ; were housed in a special structure, built close to the Westminster Abbey, where the wedding took place. Apart from nearly 2000 guests, 40 broadcast cameras, 12 photographers and 28 reporters from national, international and regional media were expected. More than 100 overseas broadcasting organizations were transmit ting the event. BBC had the biggest broadcasting presence with around 550 people staff at a cost of ? 2 million. The US networks have begun their coverage at 3 a. m. n the west coast. 64% of Americans said that they believe that the event has received too much attention in the media, however 28% of US citizens have admitted that they have followed the wedding very closely. The wedding’s audience has reached 2 billion people worldwide. According to Google, there are over 162 million web pages mentioning the wedding. It was estimated to bring ? 630 million into the economy. All these facts are a proof that the event has received great, or even excessive media ; editorial coverage worldwide and has reached a huge number of people.This has probably turned it into the TV (PR) event of the century. An example of the number of articles that only CNN has concerning the Royal wedding: http://edition. cnn. com/SPECIALS/2011/royal. wedding/ . —————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [ 1 ]. http://www. prweek. com/uk/features/1124547/the-power-books-top-5-pr-campaigns-2011/ [ 2 ]. http://www. guardian. co. uk/uk/2011/apr/28/royal-wedding-media-tv-audience [ 3 ]. http://www. guardian. co. uk/news/datablog/2011/apr/29/royal-wedding-numbers-figures

Gd on China or Pakistan Threat to India

attoVishnu, China is a bigger threat than pakistan. I am not speaking about military strength, I am speaking about economic strength. China as all the ability to take all our business, services away from us. In the future, it can stand as a big challenge when it comes to outsourcing and other IT / ITeS services there by completely paralyzing our economy through problems like unemployment etc; China.. it can also challange USA, .. India will be peanuts. pakistan†¦ both equally match†¦ so not that much big threat, but still china is kick *** for India hebiggest threat to india is the pakistan because the , the p-akistan is spreading the cold war, gueerlas war that y it important , to watch carefull the activity of pakistan definately pakistan and due to kashmir dispute. China is the bigger threat, a head on clash with china, could be damaging to India. However, pakistan offers a threat of a different kind, spreading terror, whose effect would be quite bad. hi brother its chin a. they say that arunachal pradesh belongs to them and some disputes in tibet border. its easy to fight with pakistan and win. we know the pakistan is a part of india. t has been to given a place for certain minoroties by india. so theres less threat. jai hind Currently I would say Pakistan because this is the time of Islamic aggresion in the world and Pakistan is an Islamic nation and they currently have a low level conflict with India and there have been terrorist attacks on India from Pakistan. China has the potential to be the biggest threat to anyone but they haven't really shown much aggresion. Lets hope that they remain that way. no country becoz from both we do our good relations. It all depends on how you view the situation. Neither China nor Pakistan need be our foes.We can make use of them for our mutual benefit. However, as a military force China is far superior. On the other hand Pakistan is very close to our territory. Both these factors do not count much in the modern nuclear warfare. All depends on the wisdom of the rulers of the countries and our fate. CHINA is a bigger threat to India. It has the potential to beat down India in every sphere on its own. But PAKISTAN can't do anything much without the help of bigger nations like AMERICA. As a force to compete economically, without a doubt China. But India is in a better position because US and Japan is trying to isolate China.India would soon be award the preferred trading status with US. As militarily threat, Pakistan will have more conflicts with India. There isn't much long term deep root hatred between India and China, so any dispute can be easily resolved compare to Pakistan. china provides a source of healthy competition in the world market. so ,i'd say china's not much of a threat if we realise how to make the most out of it for our advantage. we need strategic planning to implement this. the trade aggrements signed by the national leaders is a step forward in this direction. ince nation al security is of utmost importance , pakistan seems to be an immediate THREAT to the nation ,this issue is one that deserves attn rightaway. If it was a situation over what country could do more damage to India it would definatly be China†¦ But the biggest threat to India is Pakistan because China doesn't threaten and hate India like Pakistan does pakistan cant be a threat for india coz pakistan is a poor country with no economics and also india has defeted pakistan so many times, pakistan is so much spoiled internally that it cant think to fight with india. akistan is also not capable to fight with india, it is india who divided pakistan in in 1971 war and that was enough for pakistan. as far as china is concerned, we also have the same strength as china has. we are indians we are afraid of no one. to tell the truth india is in a position to defend itself if any one of the attack i. e. we are self sufficient. but if both of them get india will be ruined it will be like  "EK AUR EK GYARAH† None but India itself, notably ‘CORRUPTION' from top to bottom! The answers post by the user, for information only, FunQA. com does not guarantee the right.

Boston beer case

The major domestic producer segment only contained three major companies also known as â€Å"The Big Three†: Anheuser-Busch, Miller Brewing Company, and Adolf Coors Company. They commonly competed on the foundation of economies of scale which wound up being the main driver of revenue. By selling significant quantities of product at a cheap price, â€Å"The Big Three† was able to obtain 77% of the market share in 1994. By holding such a large portion of the market, domestic producers received elevated amounts of revenue which became extremely helpful in the 1980’s when demand dwindled. â€Å"The Big Three† was able to avoid financial hardship by having the financial and marketing resources to defend their brands. Due to mass production however, the tastes and standards of quality often varied widely. This created a niche for other brewing segments to tap into the market. Queue the necessity for craft beer. The craft brewing segment manufactured products for more sophisticated drinkers who desired more flavorful and bitter tasting beer. In terms of driving their revenue, craft brewers concentrate on the price aspect of their product. By primarily focusing on the quality of their beer, they could charge a price premium to drive revenue. In fact some brews are so well sought-after, they are sold for double the price major domestic beer. Craft Brewers also capture value through strong brand name recognition. They use extensive marketing campaigns to spark interest and build product awareness. In addition, Craft Brewers have the opportunity to contract out plants of domestic manufacturers who are beneath capacity. Due to the excess amount of producers, custom brewers have considerable control in the relationship allowing them to set strict prices and quality control. Additionally, contracting allows brewers to strategically choose plants locations allowing them to cut down on transportation costs and guarantee product freshness. Boston Beer captured value similarly to all other craft brewers. It focused on selling high priced, high quality beers to its customers by pursuing four main initiatives, three of which have already been touched on. Boston Beer assured extremely high quality standards by testing each batch with numerous tests, being the first company to stamp expiration dates on each bottle, and instructing customers to toss beer after expiration. Boston Beer also received all the bargaining benefits for contract brewing listed before. Additionally it spent an absurd amount of money in sales and marketing, significantly more than most other specialty beer companies. Commercials were focused on the quality of the beer itself and educated consumers, drawing attention to superior ingredients. Boston Beer’s unique advantage was their product line innovation. Creating a broader line of seasonal and annual beers continued to build brand awareness by helping obtain greater shelf space and product focus among distributers and retailers. Boston Beer vs. Craft Beer Competitors Redhook Ale Brewery owned and operated its own breweries unlike Boston and Pete’s. They only had two plants in the state of Washington so they were primarily focused in the western part of the country with ambitions to tap into the eastern market by purchasing a new plant in New Hampshire. Redhook also plan on regional expansion by aligning with Anheuser-Busch where their products were sold through 700 distributors nationwide. By primarily focusing on expanding its product coast-to-coast, Redhook plans to now drive revenue through increasing quantity. Pete’s Brewing Company already has a fairly broad spectrum as they market beer in 44 states thanks to a great deal of advertising. Although once exclusively a contract brewer, Pete’s has now focused on obtaining their own production plants as well. Specifically in California where the opportunity for growth is higher than ever due to high demand for specialty beer there. Unlike Redhook, Pete’s has already expanded their product reach. Now it is focusing on obtaining greater market share. Boston Beer Company is fairly similar to its competing beer competitors. All three had capitalized on tremendous growths and plan to continue progressing into the future. Boston also plans on an upcoming initial public offering to raise funds, which Redhook and Pete’s have also just recently completed. The principal difference is that Boston plans on remaining solely a contract brewer. When the market begins to mature, it will be interesting to see whether company-owned or third-party breweries will be more beneficial. As time goes on, craft breweries will start directing their efforts competing against each other instead of domestic producers. Luckily Boston Beer will be ready for the transition since they have already established themselves in the specialty beer market. Comparing Craft Brewers Financials Expressing relationships between financial statement items can be used to determine Boston Beer Company’s performance relative to their competitors, Redhook and Pete’s. By comparing and contrasting historical data with firms in the same industry, Boston Beer can identify their primary strengths and weaknesses. By breaking down their financial ratios into four basic categories, Boston Beer can determine their success. Those four are: profitability, efficiency, liquidity, and solvency. *All ratios were taken from 1995 financials since it was the most recent. The most up-to-date entry gives the best look at Boston Beer’s current state of affairs. Profitability ratios show a company’s overall performance by assessing their ability to generate earnings as compared to expenses. They indicate the firm’s proficiency to create a return. Due to Boston Beer’s premium quality, they are able to sell their product at a gross margin of 51. 7%, higher than both Redhook and Pete’s. However, Boston’s operating profit of 6. 8% is far behind that of Redhook’s 16. 8% due to their immense advertising expenses. Boston Beer may have the best gross margin of craft brewers, however their profit margin is offset because they are spending a lot in order to do so. Efficiency ratios are used to analyze how well a company internally manages their assets and liabilities. By decreasing their working capital, firms are able to free up cash which can be used for other means such as short-term investing, repayment of debt, or issuance of dividends. No matter what the money is used for, improvement in working capital almost always translates to profitability. Boston Beer has the highest inventory turnover of 12. 8 related to Pete’s and Redhook and their collection period and accounts payable period are also lackluster. As a takeaway, Boston Beer still has ground to make up in productivity against rivals. To determine a company’s ability to pay off its short-term debt obligations, liquidity ratios are used. In order to avoid bankruptcy, a business must be able to have enough cash to cover their obligations. These ratios will determine if the company has a financial future by clarifying their margin of safety with debt. The most common factor used to determine liquidity is the current ratio. Boston Beers current assets over liabilities are 1. 43 which is more than enough cushion to cover any interim commitments. Unlike liquidity, solvency is used to determine the chances of the firm’s long-term survival by measuring the ability to meet long-term debts. Solvency ratios help hint on the likelihood of bankruptcy down the road. Boston’s debt-to-asset of . 05 and debt-to-equity of .  06 are far lower than that of their competitors so they seem to be leading in that category. Even after the expected IPO deal continues, Boston’s D/A and D/E ratios will improve even further. Boston Beer Intrinsic Value In order to determine the IPO price of Boston Beer Company, the intrinsic value of the company must be found first. By using various valuation methodologies, we can create e stimates of the company’s underlying value and determine a final answer from there. One method that can be determined from the given data is the discounted cash flow valuation. By using a cash flow analysis, a valuation can be determined by taking the current status of a company to predict future profitability and then discounting them to obtain an intrinsic value. Using the information provided in the case, general assumptions can be made to determine Boston Beer’s projected income statement, changes in working capital, increases in capital expenditures, and their weighted average cost of capital. Unfortunately there is a lot of missing data, leaving some values up to debate. Through calculating a WACC of 7.  76%, generating future cash flows for the next five years, and determining the low terminal growth rate, the enterprise value of Boston Beer is expected to be about $210 million. That leaves an equity value of $197 million after eliminating debt. Expected price per share can be determined by taking the equity value over number of outstanding shares which ends up being $10. 78 a share. Profitability and Growth Assumptions In the short term, th ere is still plenty of opportunity for craft beer companies to expand. But due to increased competition and market saturation, it will only be a matter of time before growth begins to slow down. With all three leading specialty brewers undertaking plans of massive expansion, and domestic producers beginning to make a move into the specialty beer market the industry’s future looks bleak. Boston Beer may experience extraordinary growth for the few years, however eventually industry growth will stabilize. The long term growth rate for craft breweries will be much lower than their current astounding growth rates. The outlook of the beer industry as a whole is not expected to grow at all, resulting in breweries constantly battling market share away from competitors. Once the specialty beer market has become saturated, Boston Beer will need to search for other growth opportunities, or risk stagnating company development. Furthermore, the future of bargaining power over contract breweries should be taken into account. One of Boston Beer’s competitive advantages is obtaining cost benefits from the overabundance of brewery plants. By removing the benefits of contract brewing, it would result in drastically reduced net income for craft brewers due to increased expenses. In a worst case scenario, Boston Beer may have to transition and purchase their own facilities leading to large capital expenditures. As the market begins to mature and growth slows, craft brewers will have to find ways to reduce expenses in order to continue increasing profits. Assuming changes in expenses plays a big part in determining a company’s profitability. Price fluctuations in raw materials and production advances can influence the cost of goods sold. Craft Breweries need for such high marketing expenses may decline after the market becomes saturated and the need for awareness diminishes. These are just a few disruptions that can vastly alter companies future.

Radioactive Waste Disposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Radioactive Waste Disposal - Essay Example It is likely that UK will opt for underground storage of their radioactive wastes. The DEFRA document discusses some of the other options that have been considered for waste disposal and why they are unsuitable. The surface level repositories in which UK stores its ILW and HLW may be considered as a long-term option but there is constant threat of human intervention, which can be risky. Also designing structures and packaging of these wastes could be difficult as a significant portion of the wastes could emit radiation for over 10,000 years. Other options include disposal at sea and in empty offshore oil and gas fields. However these been ruled out under the 1997 London Convention and Convention for the Protection of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR). This agreement calls for UK to stop sea dumping and using sea beds for storing wastes. Disposal in outer space has also been ruled out as a large number of rocket launches would be required and the potential dangers of a launch failure. Two other options that have been considered are the subduction zones and ice sheets. Subduction zones are areas where a geological plate is driven towards the earth’s core by collision with another plate an d ice-sheets are the polar ice caps under which the wastes may be disposed. However both these are not considered suitable as there is uncertainty about the fate of these wastes in the long term. .( Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

Current state-of-the-art in one of the EECS Research Paper

Current state-of-the-art in one of the EECS - Research Paper Example The move is driven by the existing gap between designer’s productivity and DSP increased complexity. As microprocessors, digital signal perform data manipulation and mathematical calculations and are characterized by real time digital signal processing competencies as data is processed in real time, high throughput, software re-programmability and deterministic operation. Despite appearing in the market in the early 1980s, DSP have numerous applications and have become key enabling technology for numerous electronics products in fields like automotive, instrumentation and military, multimedia and electronics products. Since the 1980s, DSPs have undergone extreme evolution namely in terms of hardware features, software development tools and integration. Hardware evolution occurred in two phases which are the development phase and the consolidation phase. The development phase took place until 1990 when DSP was characterized by fixed width instruction set. From 1990 to date, DSP hardware consolidation has seen development of parallel architectures, multiprocessing support, fewer manufacturers, specialized families and improved debug potential. Very Long Instruction Word VLIW and Single Instruction Multiple Data or SIMD emerged during DSP consolidation period and introduced parallelism that enhanced DSP performance. Conversely, DSP software tools have improved in a spectacular way as code compilers have evolved to effectively deal with the underlying hardware complexity and increased DSP architecture. The enhanced code compilers enable the developer to efficiently use high level languages to program more and at improved efficiency. Today, advanced programming tools like Matlab and LabView DSP module, enable the graphical DSP programming through interconnection of pre-defined blocks that are later converted into DSP code while high performance simulators, debugging and emulator facilities provide the developer with high DSP visibility with little or no inter ference on the execution of program. Through their recent associated numerous changes, programmable DSPs have become not only a rising star but also one of the fastest growing segments within the industry of processors. New developments in DSP that will influence future chip designs Today’s automobiles are experiencing a revolution that has seen gradual elimination of systems that are purely analog electronics and mechanical. Consequently, the automobile industry is gradually turning digital and incorporating dozens of embedded processors whose connection is through multiple digital networks that are optimizing and controlling nearly all operations. Hori (1) reveals that the automobile industry will experience more advancement in future car generations while the development of complex algorithms for signal processing will contribute in advancing emission and engine control, safety, driver interfaces, and in-cabin information and entertainment or infotainment. Despite the incr easing applications of DSPs in automotives, the selection of automotive processor is influenced by factors such as automobile qualification, on-chip integration, prices, performance, and efficiency of energy use. The automotive DSPs selection is also

Emotional appeal In advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Emotional appeal In advertising - Essay Example Definitely, these individuals hope to inform the public, persuading them to make purchases or consider the idea on sale. The ultimate goal for advertising is increasing a firm’s sales revenue by winning customer loyalty or attracting new customers to purchase the good.as advertisers seek to make sales through advertising, they establish a relationship between the organization and the target audience. The mode of advertising chosen to convey the message to the people, the target audience, and efficiency of the message contained in the advertisement determines the success of the advertisement. The various forms of advertising available for organizations to exploit when selling ideas and information about their commodities include the point and non-print media. Regardless of the method chosen in an advertisement, information contained in the advert determines the reaction of the people towards that particular advertisement. To capture the attention of the people, advertisers use different means such as creating an emotional appeal to the audience. Discussed in this essay are the various emotional appeals organizations use to capture the attention of the audience, convincing them to purchase their goods. The essay seeks to prove that the manner in which an advertiser creates an advert and the kind of information contained in the advertisements most cases determines the success of the advert. It also seeks to prove that emotional appeal plays a significant role in convincing people to purchase one product and not the other. Relationship between consumers and advertising A big relationship exists between advertisers and the target customers, points out Hansen & Christensen (2007, p. 117). The main relationship between the two is the main reason for the advertising either a product or a service. Whenever an advertising agency sends out an advert to the public, people get to watch, listen, or read about it. This starts the relationship between the two parties. H owever, it is the duty of the advertiser to maintain the relationship, by keeping an advert running in the selected media platforms. If the advertisement stops running in the various forms of media selected, this automatically ends the relationship between the advertiser and the customers. Thus, aggressive advertising solidifies the relationship between the advertiser and the customer. However, not all advertisements are appealing to the audience. While creating an advert, putting into consideration the audience targeted, the media used and the kind of information to send to the audience. Accordiong to Donthu et al. (2004, p. 6) any form of information communicated to the audience should possess a moral appeal to the target audience. Morality of the information, a significant factor to the success of any particular advert, hopes to capture positively target customers. As such, information contained in the advert should have a moral appeal to the audience. As such, it should have no offence whatsoever to the concerned parties and individuals. Age is yet another important element to consider while creating an advert. Demographic factors influence the impact of an advert to the target audience. Not all adverts have the same impact to all people, just as not all adverts target all people. What appeals most to children does not have a similar influence to the youth band the young adults. Similarly, it has a different effect to the old people. Therefore, spending a considerable amount of time determining the kind of infor

Pros and Cons of the U.S. Governments Recent Passage of Affordable Essay

Pros and Cons of the U.S. Governments Recent Passage of Affordable Health Care Act - Essay Example The working Americans will pay more: Most of the middle-class Americans work full-time jobs and receive health insurance through their employers. The healthcare cost that existed before the Affordable Care Act became law and this law made the employers re-evaluate the insurance policies they offered (Skousen n.p.). As the employers tried to reduce the cost of providing coverage for the employees, the employed Americans paid more for their work-based health insurance while the citizens with high-cost work base insurance saw their benefits decline to avoid the taxes that will be incurred in the beginning of 2018. Some of the coverage is against the moral values of the employers: The law stated that contraception was to be offered free of charge to patients. This law caused a lot of issues especially for employers whose moral rules state that they don’t support any kind of contraception. This brought about a lot of lawsuits because the Americans are allowed to have freedom of rel igion; for some, the health issue was against their religious beliefs (Skousen n.p.). Adding additional health care expenses will impact workers: The employers were against the Affordable Care Act because they were already offering health care insurance to their employees. With the introduction of Obama Care, they felt that there was going to be another increase due to the law. In some cases, there was an increase in the amount employees pay for the health insurance to offset the high premiums from insurance companies. America is already very far in debt: As a country, America is facing big debt. With the additional Government program, this only causes more debts. The Affordable Care Act has had the potential to save money, but since it is over their budget, it will cost the taxpayer more money.

Entrepreneurship Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Entrepreneurship - Assignment Example further discussion will evaluate the driving forces of future business venture of The Gathering Goddess, a small vintage apparel boutique based on London. This discussion will also illustrate the essential entrepreneurial marketing communication approach of the organization to improve their future market performances. The Gathering Goddess is an organization specialized in the designing and marketing of vintage clothing materials through online stores as well as physical stores. This vintage boutique was established in 2002 by Wilma Mae Basta. This organization has only one physical store in North Kensington, London. The majority of its marketing procedure is dependent on various ecommerce sites and online retail stores such as Fab.com and eBay (The Gathering Goddess, 2014). The organization is known for marketing and selling their products through online stores to different parts of Europe and the US. The major target of the organization includes the premium consumers from upper class and upper middle class. Most of their products are designed to target the female consumer section of the market (UKSBD, 2015). Over the last few years the organization has witnessed huge competition in the global apparel market. Most of their products are sold through third party online retail stores which is hindering their direct communication capacity with their potential consumers. It is also hampering them to secure a competitive position in the market. The increasing global demand is influencing the organization to incline towards setting up organizational online retail option. They are also concentrating on improving their marketing relationship and communication with the stakeholders of the organization (Gard, 2013). The organization possesses strong financial structure that can assist them to indulge into new marketing venture. The availability of skilled workforce will also enable them to offer innovative and lucrative products to their consumers. The major competitive

I have been writing the topic in the section '' order intructions'' Research Paper

I have been writing the topic in the section '' order intructions'' - Research Paper Example As a result of his intentional poor financial reporting, special purpose entities and accounting loopholes, the company lost at least $40 billion. This was made possible by the engagement of Arthur Anderson as the company’s sole auditing firm. With the help of Arthur Anderson Auditors, Enron’s Chief Financial Officer managed to manipulate and mislead the company’s accounting committee and the Board of Directors to accept the presented financial records. Indeed, this was a very unfortunate incident which greatly interfered with the company and all its stakeholders. All the employees were affected as well. A part from losing a lot from the $40 billion law suit, they lost a lot of money in pension. This could not be escaped because the company was later declared bankrupt to the extent that it could not manage to compensate its workers. This would mean a great loss to these employees as they would lose all the benefits. Even those who had been working for the company for a long time would not get their pensions upon the dissolution of the company since it would not be in a position to do so. It would be so disappointing and demoralizing for such employees because the scandal would eventually affect them in person. The investors also incurred a lot of losses. A part from discouraging prospecting investors from pumping their resources into the company, the existing ones had to contend with a drastic loss of stock. A few months after the information about the scandal reached the market, the company share prices declined from $83 to $1. Worse still, these investors later lost their investments in the company2. Since the company could not stand on its feet any longer, it had to be declared bankrupt. Meaning, it would not manage to refund the shareholders their investments. To prove that the company lost value, even attempts by its rival Dynegy to buy it out at extremely low price flopped. On the

Fast Food Popularity in China Essay Example for Free

Fast Food Popularity in China Essay Examine the reasons for the popularity of fast food restaurants in your country. When, why, and how have these restaurants become so popular? (Cause) Demonstrate the impact of this popularity on your country’s culture, i. e. , food, health, economy, lifestyle. (Effect) You will need to do some research on the fast food chains growth, menus, nutritional background, business models, and perhaps more. Your research should include more than one fast food restaurant. Recently, McDonald’s announced their plan to expand outlets from 1300 to 2000 by the end of 2013 in China. It is reported that the main purpose is to compete with KFC, which is the largest quick service restaurant brand in China with over 4,200 restaurants in more than 850 cities across China. The growing huge market and politic strategies taken by restaurants make fast food popular in China; this in turn has a great influence on China’s economy, culture and health. There are several of causes for fast food popular in China. On the first place, the growing market and industry attract plenty of fast food restaurants. Chinas fast food market worth over 700 billion yuan in the last year and had a rapid speedabout 12 percent in the past several years. Furthermore, the market is estimated to grow to 1400 billion yuan by 2015. The second main cause of this popularity is some strategies taken by fast food brands especially localization. Take KFC for example, the brand adds many localized product like Beijing Chicken Roll, tomato egg soup and corn salad to meet Chinese consumers demand. The popularity also brings some effects especially for Chinese culture. First, the change reflects on food consumption habits. For example, Yum! China’s menu is dominated by meat-rich food except for breakfast. Furthermore, fast foods are becoming affordable by most people so that the brand opens almost one third of its restaurants in countryside. Second, traditional wedding has been influenced with wedding services provided by some fast food brands. Nowadays, to compare with Chinese traditional, extravagant and tawdry weddings, more and more young people in China prefer smaller, easier and cheaper weddings. Many fast food restaurants contribute to this tendency like McWedding offered by McDonald’s, which is held by restaurant assistants with a more intimate and less costly way. In short, fast food popularity has an effect on Chinese eating habit and wedding tradition. Also, the popularity has an effect on economy. For one thing, it increases the revenues for economy. The revenue of fast food industry in 2011 is $74. 8 billion which benefits the economy in turn. More important thing is that the revenue will keep growing at the rate of 14. -15. 0% in the next five years. For another thing, it influences the agriculture. With the explosive development of fast food industry, many grain farms are out of use. In 2011, there are roughly 700 thousand hectares of arable land are reconstructed to raise livestock or fowl instead of growing grains. As a result, China needs to rely more on importation and increase grain imports. In 2010, China imported 927 (1000 MT) wheat, while in 2012, nearly 3200 (1000 MT) wheat were imported. It is obvious that the popularity benefits China’s revenue while harming the agriculture foundation. Finally, the popularity also carries two problems for people’s health: obesity and diabetes. The number of overweight people has grown from 18 to 100 million in the last 5 years with the rapid development of fast food industry. As a result, many complications like high blood pressure and diabetes become more common in China. Take diabetes for example, there are over 92 million adults suffer from diabetes and the costs of diabetes make up nearly 1. % of GDP. It is undeniable that fast food restaurants make Chinese people cost a lot on their health especially on the treatment of diabetes. In conclusion, the pursue towards maximum profits and proper strategies contribute to the popularity of fast food in China, as a result, China’s culture, economy and Chinese health. In the foreseeable future, the popularity of fast food will last for a lone time and will have long-term effects in china.

James Joyces Araby Plot Analyses English Literature Essay

James Joyces Araby Plot Analyses English Literature Essay Araby is viewing the Dubliners who are philistine people (The Norton Anthology of English Literature 1066). Therefore throughout the story one will encounter with the features relating to these kinds of people. Since these people are against art and culture, the overall tone of the story and the choice of the words and the imageries are gloomy and dark. Furthermore the name of the story causes tension to the reader. It reminds one the exotic atmosphere of Eastern world, which leads us toward some strange event. The flow of the story is toward finding the truth and finding one self. The career of our play brought us through the dark muddy lanes behind the houses, where we ran the gauntlet of the rough tribes from the cottages, to the back doors of the dark dripping gardens à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦ . (Araby) In this short story the reader faces with many tensions. The beginning or the introductory part of the story gives the reader the idea or the sense of becoming disappointed at the end of the story. In the first two paragraphs of it we expose to the sentences like the streets which is blind and quiet, the uninhabited houses detached from its neighbors. These descriptions make the reader feel hopeless. There is no spirit of life in this city even the houses are detached from each other. These images are going to foreshadow the coming parts of the story. The story is narrated by a boy who is nameless and because the whole part of the story is citing by first person pint of view and therefore a reliable narrator we realize his growing and transferring from childhood to maturity by the changes that is clear in his diction and his worldview. As well as passing childhood to physical maturity by experiencing the love for the opposite sex, he is gaining social and mental maturity. At first, his childish behavior is recognizable through his imaginations and his desire for the girl which is his friends sister. Romantic behavior can be seen in his manner. He is in love with a girl that we dont know her name up to the end of the story. He has the illusion of mutual love between themselves in his mind but the reader is aware of this lack. As a crude boy who just has the illusion of love, he is looking for a moment to prove or show his love to the girl, so when he has this opportunity to do such a thing, willingly he is ready to do whatever his imaginary love wants. After speaking with the girl we can find the matter that he decided to go to Araby and buy her a gift. It could be assumed as a step toward physical maturity because he is accepting responsibility to fulfill a womans desire. After this part his mental struggle and conflict with him self is showing itself. Days and nights on his way to school and back home he is thinking about going to bazaar. From now on, till the end of the story the narrator is using words with negative connotation which make the reader ready for the intensity and harshness of the situation thats going to come up. At the beginning of the story we could see his imagination casts on everything. The sense of a pure, innocent and crude child who hasnt face with the reality and ugly side of life is tangible. But after the first big tension which he decided to go to Araby, the mental struggle concerning this matter doesnt let him to behave like before. As an example playing with his classmates is no more interesting for him. This is another reason which can be concerned as passing childhood toward manhood. He mentally has conflict about going to Araby. The part that he is looking at the clock which its ticking bothers him, shows that the time to go to the bazaar is reaching, but instead of a good feeling for going there he is really anxious. The night before going to the bazaar he is looking at the dark house which the girl lives there. Dark is the most repeated imagery by the narrator in the story, and it causes tension and dramatic situation. The train which he takes to Araby is a deserted train and move slowly as if it doesnt like and is unwilling to go there. On the way to the bazaar he saw ruinous houses, which seems he is going toward destruction. But this is the destruction of his imaginations. All these signs stand as images of mental and to some extent physical harm. His illusion of love is going to shattered. At last when he entered the bazaar he saw that the shops were closed and the greater part of it was in darkness. But even now at this gloomy and dark place he is looking for something romantic and brilliant like a flower tea-sets to buy for the girl. But exactly on this moment his world view toward love changes. His eyes are opened toward reality, and the reader sees his awakening here. He stands by one of the shops that were opened and there a young lady was flirting with two English men just for the reason to sell them something. She is flirting with them only for materials. When that woman saw him and asked him if he wants help, her tone was just out of a sense of duty. And the arrogance that she has toward the boy, as she glanced at him over her shoulder is because of the reason that this boy was an intruder, and has nothing to do there. The sales woman acts as an agent here. She is the agent for awakening the boy. The boy rejects the womans help by saying No, thank you. By rejecting the sales womans help he is rejecting the love of that girl and negating all the reasons which have driven him to come to the Araby. He understand how cruel is the real life, and all his idealized vision of love shattered. In the last paragraphs of the story when he dropped the coins to his pocket the action revels that he let the material love goes. If we have a flash back to the beginning of the story the time which the girl asked the boy on their first meet to get something for her from Araby we will come to the fact that how materialistic is her view concerning love, and how childish he accept it. In the last line of the story the boy is creeping and its showing that how his idealized imagination is mocked by the real people of the real world. His eyes are burned by anguish and anger which thoroughly means he becomes conscious and gains the knowledge of oneself. In the last section of the paper I like to mention the name of a play by Ibsen. In Ibsens A Dolls House the female character of the story was gaining self knowledge by the end of the play. Nora, the character of the play is a woman with a childlike and as if she is a grown up woman to some extent its good to say, sometimes with a childish behaviour. She is getting awakened at last. In this play the agent for Noras self conscious is a woman, Noras friend linde. We have also seen this self knowledge by the end of this short story by Joyce which we have analyzed through this paper.

Risks and Benefits of Estrogen plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal

For reasons both practical and political, women’s health has long been neglected as a field of study. This study by the Women’s Health Initiative is the largest investigation of a pertinent women’s issue ever, with 161,809 post-menopausal women enrolled from 1993 to 1998. Designed in the early part of the 1990s, this study consisted several trials, among them low-fat dietary patterns, calcium and vitamin D supplement use, and hormone replacement therapy. The hormone replacement trial experienced such surprising and unpredicted results that the entire trial was stopped early. It was hypothesized that giving post-menopausal women a combination of estrogen and progesterone would prevent coronary heart disease. Thus, a coronary heart disease event such as a heart attack was considered the primary outcome, or stopping point. Intermediate markers were determined to be invasive breast cancer, stroke, pulmonary embolism, endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer, or hip fracture. Hormone replacement therapy has long been an accepted form of treatment for women with age-related diseases like osteoporosis. Thus, when the WHI realized that the women taking estrogen plus progesterone were experiencing 29% more coronary heart disease events (i.e. heart attacks), 41% more strokes, and 26% more breast cancer than those who were receiving the placebo, the study was terminated. While the group of women receiving hormones also experience 37% less colorectal cancer and lower hip fracture rates, it was determined that allowing the trial to run to its finish would not be beneficial overall and would in fact cause increasing harm for stroke, coronary heart disease, and breast cancer. Below is a list of things that were inv... ...nodes; or the cancer has spread to lymph nodes near the breastbone or to other tissues near the breast Stage IV – metastatic breast cancer where the cancer has spread outside the breast to other organs in the body Hormonal Treatments of Breast Cancer Pathologists examine the cancers in the breast for estrogen or progestin. If there are signs of either the patient may be eligible for certain drugs containing special hormones. There are also very uncommon side effects like blood clots, strokes, or uterine cancer that may scare patients from choosing to take it. Venous Thromboembolic Disease A clotting of the blood in the blood vessel associated with deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Other Cancers Endometrial- cancer that originates in the endometrial lining of the uterus Colorectal- cancer of the colon or rectum

The Role of Faith in Field of Dreams :: Faith

Faith is an important aspect in everybody. It helps us see God, and believe in him. Our faith is always tested when there is a hard theological decision to make or somebody else trying to break your bold with God. The movie Field of Dreams, is a great example of how staying true to your faith can sometimes be hard. In this movie, the main character Ray Kinsella shows his faith in what he believes he should do. In the beginning of the movie Roy hears a voice from the corn saying, â€Å"If you build it he will come.† At this point Roy has no idea who is talking to him or what about. He tells his wife Annie and his young daughter Karen. He eventually realizes that the voices are telling him to build a baseball field so â€Å"Shoeless† Joe Jackson and his teammates can play ball. Our group thought that the voices are coming from Ray’s conscience. We thought the message the voice is trying to get across is that if he builds the baseball field his father will come. We thought this because throughout the movie Ray discusses his relationship with his father and how it wasn’t the greatest. Another example of why we thought the voice was his conscience is when the voice says, â€Å"Ease his Pain.† Ray thought that he should have eased the writer Terence Mann’s p ain, but we thought the voice was saying ease the pain from the relationship with his father. The Kinsella family showed great faith throughout the movie, but Ray definitely proved his the best. By listening to the voices, he built an expensive baseball field, traveled across the country with Terence Mann to find Archibald Graham. He could have quit at any time and just forgot about the voices, but he continued to stay strong to his faith and follow his dreams. Though Ray did end up realizing why he was being told to do these things, his faith and willpower was tested throughout the movie. Faith was a major part in the movie, and ran parallel to the storyline for almost the entire duration. In many scenes faith was challenged. For example, when Ray and Annie are contemplating building the baseball field, when they have no funds and could lose their farm Ray’s faith was tested. Also when he was argues with his wife about whether to visit Terence Mann or not.

Cats Rule :: essays research papers

"A dog is a man's best friend." That common saying may contain some truth, but dogs are not the only animal friend whose companionship people enjoy. For many people, a cat is their best friend. Despite what dog lovers may believe, cats make excellent housepets. In the first place, people enjoy the companionship of cats. Many cats are affectionate. They will snuggel up and ask to be petted, or scrached under the chin. Who can resist a purring cat? If they're not feeling affectionate, cats are generally quite playfull. They love to chase balls and feathers, or just about anything dangling from a string. They especially enjoy playing when their owners are participating in the game. Contrary to popular opinion, cats can be trained. Using rewards and punishments, just like with a dog, a cat can be trained to avoid unwanted behaviour or preform tricks. Cats will even fetch! In the second place, cats are civilized members of the household. Unlike dogs, cats do not bark or make loud noises. Most cats dont even meow very often. They are generally content to lead a quiet existence. Cats also don't often have "accidents." Mother cats train their kittens to use the litter box, and most cats will use it without fail from that time on. Even stray cats generally understand the concept when shown the box and will use it regularly. Cats do have claws, and owners must make provisions for this. A tall scratching post in a favorite cat area of the house will usually keep the cat content to leave the furniture alone. As a last resort, of course, cats can be declawed. Lastly, one of the most attractive features of cats as housepets is their ease of care. Cats do not have to be walked. they get plenty of exercise in the house as they play, and they do their buisness in the litter box. Cleaning a litter box is a quick, painless procedure. Cats also take care of their own grooming. Bathing a cat is almost never necessary because under ordinary circumstances cats clean themselves. Cats are more particular about personal cleanliness than people are. In addition, cats can be left home alone for a few hours without fear.

Key Principles of Management and Leadership

Unit 1 – Key principles of management and leadership Activity 1 a) Though the two terms seem similar on the surface, in reality they are quite different. A great manager does not necessarily make a great leader, and a great leader does not necessarily make a great manager. Management controls or directs people/resources in a group according to principles or values that have already been established. Leadership is setting a new direction or vision for a group that they follow, i. e. : a leader is the spearhead for that new direction.The manager uses a formal, rational method whilst the leader uses passion and stirs emotions. People naturally and willingly follow leaders due to their charisma and personality traits, whereas a manager is obeyed due to the formal authority vested in him/her. As a result, people tend to be more loyal towards leaders rather than managers. Managers supervise employees. They make plans, delegate responsibilities, and coordinate activities. Their goal is to create something that is definable and repeatable. Leaders are focused on bringing about innovation and change for the company.Their primary role is to inspire people and to motivate employees. They are focused on change. They create a sense of vision, hope, and alignment among employees. An organisation cannot thrive without a manager, and it cannot thrive without a leader. Leadership and management must go hand in hand to be successful – both in corporate and casual settings. They are linked, and complimentary to one another. Managers will:Leaders will: AdministrateInnovate MaintainDevelop Focus on systems and/or structuresFocus on people Rely on their controlInspire trust in people Hold short range viewsHave a longer range perspectiveAsk ‘how’ and ‘when’Ask ‘what’ and ‘why’ Keep an eye on the bottom lineKeep an eye on the horizon ImitateOriginate Accept the status quoChallenge it Be a classic good soldierBe his/her own person Accept realityInvestigate it b) Management encompasses 5 functions which are planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling. Planning – Planning gives management the ability to logically come up with different strategies to make sure that the project ends in success. The term for generating plans of action can be for immediate, short term, medium term and long term periods.If management does not implement a plan the only plan that he can guarantee is a poor performance. Organising – In order to make sure that the plan is a success management have to make sure things within the company and the plan are properly organised. This is where management can divide, coordinate and control the task and information within the organisation. Assigning work and granting authority are 2 important elements of organising. Staffing – Now that the structure is properly put together, management needs to have employee's to carry out the plan. This is also known as human resource management.In this concept management will be devoted to properly acquiring, training, appraising, and compensating their employee's. Employees are what give a company a competitive edge. Management must ensure that the right number of and kind of employees are placed at the right places and at the right time when the organisation is in need of them. Directing – This is the ability to get employee's to achieve the goals of the company in the most effective and optimal way. Leading, motivating, communication and coordination are the elements that come under directing.Directing is about guiding and leading the people in an organisation. Controlling – This is the process that ensures whether the resources are obtained and used efficiently in achieving the organisational objectives. This function will be the last task that management will do. This will allow the ability to check the performance of the employee's to make sure it correlates with the input (plan) and output (performance). For this reason, that is why controlling function of management is closely linked with the planning function. ) It is the requirement of a team leader to achieve objectives set by management for a team. However, since the team leader cannot meet these objectives on their own, it will be required for the team leader to lead or manage a team to achieve success using the skills of the team. The team’s objectives will be those of the team leader. The team will consist of a number of individuals each working to achieve their own objectives, based on each individual’s particular skills, knowledge and expertise. This breaking down into specific tasks will contribute to the overall achievement of the objectives of the team.With this in mind a team leader must know their staff, but it is equally important that the staff know the team leader. A leader must know how to build and nurture such a team. A good leader knows when to be a leader and when to be a follower. Good leaders are good followers when that's what is needed. Other skills that the team leader will need to possess are: Integrity. Having strong internal guiding principles that one does not compromise. It means treating others as you would wish to be treated. Integrity promotes trust, and not much is accomplished without trust.Leading by example. Innovation and vision. Welcoming new tasks and new ways of doing things. Having a clear idea where his or her organisation and/or unit are going in the long term. Communication. Leaders need to learn to be proficient in both the communication that informs and seeks out information and the communication that connects interpersonally with others. Being able to listen well, explain things clearly, ask questions and be aware of what people really think and feel (not what they may say). Relationships.A leader who likes dealing with people issues, who can initiate and deepen relationships with others, has a great leadership ad vantage. This is a leader who can build a team and achieve impressive results. This can help with the ability to motivate others. Getting people to do things because they want to and not because they are told to. Persuasion. The ability to influence others and cause them to move in a particular direction is a highly important skill in leadership. A leaders ability to be persuasive is directly related to how much people trust you and how good your communication and relationships are.Adaptability. Adaptability and flexibility in not being bound by a plan are important success factors. A leader must move easily from one set of circumstances (the plan) to the next (the plan is not going as expected) and take them all in stride, even when the circumstances are unexpected. A good leader has to embrace change and see it as opportunity. Coaching and self-development. Developing others is an important role for a leader. Encouraging others to expand their capabilities and take on additional a ssignments is part of a leader’s responsibility.Leaders who feel threatened by the capabilities of others are generally challenged in this area. This coincides with being interested in what people think and feel. Self-development and expanding one’s own capabilities inspires trust and respect from the team which also goes hand in hand in developing others. Decision-making. A leader must be able to wade through information, comprehend what’s relevant, make a well-considered decision, and take action based on that decision. Making decisions too quickly or too slowly will impede leadership effectiveness. Planning.Planning involves making certain assumptions about the future and taking actions in the present to positively influence that future. Planning means to focus more strategically. Although important for guidance and focus, plans are rarely rigid. d) My job as a Senior Support Worker is to provide support to the Registered Manager and lead a small team of supp ort staff in the day to day running of the unit in line with the company’s objectives. I am responsible for ensuring all Service Users who reside at the unit receive high quality, person centred support. I provide support, coaching and mentoring to team members.I am responsible for preparing, maintaining and supporting team members in the updating of care plans. I ensure good working practices are established and maintained. I have to observe a proactive approach to achieving a positive, engaging, promotional and relationship building role with Local Authorities and all other stakeholders. e) * I give support, educate and manage the staff team on a day to day basis and through bi-monthly supervision. * I am responsible for the deployment and control of appointments on a day to day basis, plus the allocation of certain appointments to specific team members. I support the running of the home to achieve real, individualised care packages for the Service Users. * I promote effect ive team working, to maintain good communications systems, including hand over’s, log books, supervision and staff meetings. * I assist the manager in identifying training and development needs for the staff team and to help facilitate these needs. * I review, monitor and fulfil health and safety responsibilities to ensure a safe working environment for yourself, colleagues and the Service Users. I support and maintain effective working relationships with all other staff and to promote good relationships with local residents and the general community. * I have a positive, hardworking attitude and remain committed to the ethos of Reed Care Homes Ltd. * I provide a positive working role model for other colleagues and Service Users, with reference at all times to the company’s equal opportunities policy and the recognition of each person unique racial, cultural and religious needs. * I assist the Registered Manager in the recruitment of new team members and complete induc tions. I provide cover for the Registered Manager in their absence. * I maintain professional knowledge and skills through training and a commitment to continuous professional development. f) In 1997 John Adair developed a model of leadership training based on three overlapping circles that are involved in any leadership situation. If you look closely at matters involving leadership, there are always three elements or variables: * the leader – qualities of personality and character * the situation – partly constant, partly varying the group – the followers: their needs and values. There are three areas of overlapping need which are centrally important which are related to task, group maintenance and the individual. Task – The reason a group of people come together to perform a task is because the task is too big for one person. A range of knowledge and skills are required and these will not be found in one person. Group maintenance – Many of the fo rmal or informal rules and procedures of the group are designed to promote unity and to maintain cohesiveness at all costs.There is a feeling that good relationships are essential towards a shared goal. This need to create and promote group cohesiveness is called group maintenance. Individual – Individuals bring into groups their own needs, for eg, recognition; a sense of fulfilment, status, and what Adair terms as the deeper needs to give to and receive from other people in a working situation. Adair believes that these individual needs are more profound than we sometimes realise. These needs may attract us or repel us from any given group.The three areas of need overlap and influence one another. If the common task is achieved, then that tends to build the team and to satisfy personal human needs in the individual. If there is a lack of cohesiveness in the team circle, a failure of team maintenance, then clearly performance in the task area will be impaired and the satisfac tion of individual members reduced. In order to achieve the common task and to maintain teamwork, certain functions have to be performed. Adair's three circles model emphasises the importance of distinguishing the individual from the group.It is fundamental that each of the circles must always be seen in relation to the other two. A leader must always be aware of what is happening in relation to the team in terms of the three circles. In 1993 Charles Handy pointed out that it is unlikely that there will ever be a situation where there is a perfect match between the need of the individual, the group and the task. The leader's job is to be aware of the tension and to manage it. A leader must maintain some distance, as they are responsible and accountable for: * Achievement of the common task Ensuring the group work as a team * Facilitating the development of the individuals Leaders need to interact with others whose support they need in order to accomplish goals. To gain their support , leaders must be able to understand and motivate them. To understand and motivate people, leaders must know human nature. Human nature is the common qualities of all human beings. People behave according to certain principles of human nature. Human needs are an important part of human nature and leaders must understand these needs because they can be powerful motivators.In 1970 Maslow felt that human needs were arranged in a hierarchical order and that the basic needs must be met before the higher order needs in the form of 5 levels: 5. Self-actualization — knows exactly who you are, where you are going, and what you want to accomplish. A state of well-being. 4. Esteem — feeling of moving up in world, recognition, few doubts about self. 3. Belongingness and love — belong to a group, close friends to confide with. 2. Safety — feels free from immediate danger. 1. Physiological — food, water, shelter, sex.Maslow deemed that people want and are foreve r striving to meet various goals. Because the lower level needs are more immediate and urgent, then they come into play as the source and direction of a person's goal if they are not satisfied. A need higher in the hierarchy will become a motive of behaviour as long as the needs below it have been satisfied. Unsatisfied lower needs will dominate unsatisfied higher needs and must be satisfied before the person can climb up the hierarchy. Leaders knowing where a person is located on the pyramid will aid in determining effective motivators.Almost no one stays in one particular hierarchy for an extended period. We constantly strive to move up, while at the same time various forces outside our control try to push us down. The goal as a leader is to help people obtain the skills and knowledge that will push them up the hierarchy on a more permanent basis. People who have their basic needs met become much better workers as they are able to concentrate on fulfilling the visions put forth to them, rather than consistently struggling to make ends meet.

Nelson Mandela And His Life And Work History History Essay

Nelson Mandela. The adult male everyone knows about. The adult male who was against the Apartheid. He did n't merely speak about it, but he besides did something about it. He ‘s a great adult male. In this chapter we ‘ll speak about his life, his actions and how these actions have changed the universe. Biography Rolihlahla Mandela, subsequently called Nelson Mandela, was born on July 18, 1918 in Mvezo. A bantam small town in the state of Transkei, South Africa. Mandela ‘s male parent had three married womans. The 3rd one was Mandela ‘s female parent, here name was Nosekeni Fanny. Mandela ‘s male parent was destined to be a main and served as a counselor to tribal heads. But this was non traveling tot happen. Over a difference with the local colonial magistrate, he lost his rubric and luck. Because of this event, they were forced to travel tot Qunu. This was an even smaller small town so Mvezo and lay in North of it. The small town was n't developed by far. There were n't any roads, merely some foot waies. The household lived in huts and could merely afford the local crop to eat. This consisted corn, sorghum, Cucurbita pepo and beans. Water could merely be fetched from springs and watercourses and cookery was done outdoors. Mandela ‘s household had a truly heard clip, but he himself could still be a kid. He played games with the other male childs who lived in the small town. Rolihlahla ‘s male parent ‘s friends suggested that Rolihlahla would travel to the Methodist church and so he became the first in his household to go to school. As was the usage at the clip, Rolihlahla got a new first name. This was likely due to significance of his old name: ‘troublemaker ‘ . His instructor told him his new name would be ‘Nelson ‘ . Since so Mandela was no longer called Rolihlahla, but Nelson Mandela. The name of the adult male we know today as a really great adult male in history. When Nelson Mandela was nine old ages old his male parent died of a lung disease. This changed his life dramatically. He was adopted by Chief Jongintaba Dalindvebo, the moving trustee of the Thembu people. Old ages earlier Nelson ‘s male parent had recommended Jongintaba to be made a head. So this was done as a gesture to him. This acceptance meant that Nelson had to go forth the small town Qunu. He moved to Mqhekezweni, the provincial capital of Thembuland. Here was the head ‘s royal abode where Nelson would be populating in the following few old ages. His new household treated him good. Nelson was given the same position and duties as the trustee ‘s two other kids, his boy Justice and his girl Namafu. Nelson besides got instruction. He studied English, Xhosa, history and geographics at a one-room school next to the castle. During his stay in Mqhekezweni, a few senior trustees came to the Great Palace on official concern. It was caused by them that he got so interested by African history. They told him about South Africa. About the manner how the people lived in peace before the white people had arrived. The people of South Africa lived as brothers until the white work forces ruined that bond. The white work forces took all the land for themselves and left nil for its original dwellers. This cognition has had a great influence on his ulterior life. When the male childs in Africa were 16 old ages old, they would do the passage from boyhood to manhood. So would Mandela. This was a ritual every male child would travel through in his life. When it was Mandela ‘s bend, it was n't an ordinary rite. Most of the clip the rite was something you should be happy about. You were turning into a adult male! But this clip it was n't that cheerful. The chief talker at the ceremonial, Chief Meliggili, spoke unhappily of the immature work forces as a coevals enslaved in their ain state. Their land was under the control of the white work forces, so they would ne'er hold the power to regulate themselves, he said. Because of this it was non the ceremonial the immature male childs had expected. But at least, Nelson had eventually turned into a adult male! In 1939, the twelvemonth when Nelson turned 18, he went to the University College of Fort Hare. This was the lone residential Centre of higher acquisition for inkinesss in South Africa. You can compare Fort Hare with Oxford or Harvard. Mandela took all the needed classs, but focused on Roman Dutch jurisprudence. This was to fix for a calling in civil service as an translator or clerk. This was the best profession you could obtain as a black adult male. A few hebdomads after Nelson got home from the University College of Fort Hare, the trustee Jongintaba announced he had arranged a matrimony for him. Mandela was shocked and felt trapped. He ran off to Johannesburg, where he had a assortment of occupations. While he was working he besides was finishing his unmarried man ‘s degree via correspondence classs. After this he went to the University of Witwatersrand where he studied jurisprudence. During his survey he became actively involved in the anti-apartheid motion and joined the African National Congress ( ANC ) in 1942. Within the ANC, a little group of immature Africans ( Nelson Mandela included ) bonded together, naming themselves the African National Congress Youth League. They wanted to alter the old tactics of polite petitioning. They wanted to make something that was effectual. In 1949 the ANC officially adopted the methods of the Youth League. From now on they used methods like work stoppages, civil noncompliance and non-cooperation with the white work forces. Their end was to acquire redistribution of land, merchandise brotherhood rights and free and mandatory instruction for all the black kids. For 20 old ages Nelson directed a run of peaceable, non-violent rebelliousness against the South African authorities and its racialist policies. These runs included the Defiance Campaign in 1952 and the Congress of the Peoples in 1955. But non everything was condoned. In 1956 Mandela and 150 others were arrested, but besides instantly acquitted. During this period, a new organisation was formed, the Africanists. Another group of black militants, but who disagreed with the methods of the ANC. They thought it was uneffective. By 1959 the ANC lost much of its support, because of the Pan-Africanist Congress. The new name of the Africanists, who had grown in figure of back uping people. Mandela, who was ever committed tot non-violent protest, began to believe otherwise by 1961. He believed the lone manner to accomplish alteration was armed battle. Because of this new idea he co-founded Umkhonto we Sizwe, besides known as MK. This was an armed outgrowth of the ANC. It was formed to stop apartheid utilizing guerrilla war tactics and sabotage. He organized a three-day national workers work stoppage in 1961, which led to his apprehension in 1962. He was sentenced to five old ages in prison for the work stoppage. But this was n't the concluding determination. He was brought to test once more in 1963, where he and ten other ANC leaders were sentenced to life imprisonment for political offenses, including sabotage. Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island. Here he received the lowest degree of intervention because of the fact that he was a black political captive. However, Mandela spent a portion of his imprisonment rather good. He earned a Bachelor of Law degree through a University of London correspondence plan. About everyone in the universe knew Mandela by so. He was a symbol of black opposition. Mandela got much international support, but this was n't that helpful for him. The South African authorities kept him locked up on Robben Island. Mandela did n't remain on Robben Island. In 1982 he and the other ANC leaders were moved to Pollsmoor Prison. This was to enable contact between the captives and the authorities of South Africa. Many offers were made to Mandela. So offered president P.W. Botha in 1985 Mandela ‘s release in exchange for abdicating armed battle, but this offer was rejected. The force per unit area continued to lift. Not merely local, but besides international. In 1989 Botha suffered a shot. Because of this he was replaces by Frederik Willem de Klerk. This alteration of president led to the release of Mandela in 1990. Not merely this had changed. The ANC were unbanned, the limitations on political groups were removed and executings were suspended. Mandela did n't desire foreign powers to interfere. He stated a committedness to work toward peace. But he did n't stop the armed battle of the ANC. This would go on until the black bulk received the right to vote. In 1991 Mandela was elected president of the ANC. He kept negociating with president De Klerk. He still wanted multi-racial elections. The white people were willing to portion the power, so that was n't the job. The job was that many black Africans wanted a complete transportation of power. The dialogues were frequently really labored and there were a batch of violent eruptions trough the whole state. Besides Mandela played a function in the agitation of the land. He made certain the presentations and armed opposition went on, to put an even heavier force per unit area on the South African authorities. Mandela ‘s tactics led to success. On April 27, 1994, the first democratic elections were held in South Africa. A few months subsequently, on May 10, 1994, Mandela ( who was 77 old ages old ) was chosen to be the state ‘s first black president. De Klerk was became his first deputy. Nelson and de Klerk won the Nobel Prize for Pease in 1993, for leveling apartheid. Mandela published his autobiography ‘Long Walk to Freedom ‘ in 1994. Much of this book had he, in secret, written while he was in prison. Mandela worked while he was president on the relationship between the black and the white people. He used the state ‘s enthusiasm for athleticss for this. He encouraged the black work forces to back up the white work forces with their athleticss, in peculiar Rugby. And so he encouraged the white work forces to back up the black work forces with their athleticss. This led to Mandela ‘s end, a better relationship between those to groups. Not merely did he work on this, he besides worked on the state ‘s economic system. He protected it from prostration. Mandela had formed a Reconstruction and Development Plan, which led to the creative activity of new occupations, lodging and basic wellness attention. In 1996 he signed into the jurisprudence of South Africa that everyone was equal to each other and that everyone had the right to vote. In 1999 Mandela retired from active political relations. He still maintained a busy agenda. He had founded his ain organisation: the Mandela Foundation. This foundation built schools and clinics in South Africa. He besides published a figure of books. Those were about his life and battle. Mandela was diagnosed and treated for prostate malignant neoplastic disease. Three old ages subsequently, in June 2004, he announced his formal retirement from public life. He returned to his native small town of Qunu. This was at the age of 85 old ages. In July 2007, Mandela convened a group of universe leaders in Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Among them Graca Machel, Desmond Tutu, Kofi Annan, Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter, Li Zhaoxing, Mary Robinson and Muhammad Yunus. They named themselves ‘The Elders ‘ . This group wanted to happen solutions to jobs around the universe. The fought for peace, adult females ‘s equality, an terminal to atrociousnesss and democracy. Mandela besides fought against AIDS. This disease killed his boy, Makgatho Mandela in 2005. Mandela was married three times. To Evelyn Ntoko Mase from 1944 boulder clay 1957, they had four kids. From 1958 boulder clay 1996 he was married with Winnie Madikizela-Mandela with whom he had two girls. He ‘s now married to Gra & A ; ccedil ; a Machel since 1998. A closer expression to his actions

“They Don’t Care Where You Were Born, Just How.”

â€Å"They don’t care where you were born, just how. † Discuss the importance of genetic makeup in the world of Gattaca. In the world of Gattaca everyday life is based upon ‘perfection. ’ Your career, social status and living conditions are all affected by genetic makeup and whether or not you were genetically altered before you were born. People’s position in society is not determined by their race or gender or social status, but the purity and â€Å"perfection† of their genetic code. When going for a job in the workplace at Gattaca it’s common for the interview itself to simply be a DNA sample rather than having an actual face to face interview with a boss. Gone are the days when workers were picked on their written resumes and personality traits, your resume is now IN your DNA. The contrast between the Gattaca workers and the Gattaca cleaners shows the huge difference in what your genetic code can do to your career. Gattaca is a world where police and security checks are carried out by immediate DNA analysis from blood samples. The constant testing at Gattaca to make sure everyone is ‘genetically fit’ is shown constantly throughout the movie, and the ‘valid’ and ‘in-valid’ labels given to the genetically alerted and the non-genetically altered emphasize just how important the genetic makeup of a person is in Gattaca. The main character, Vincent, sums up well the unfairness of the new genetically classed social system: â€Å"I belonged to a new underclass, no longer determines by social status or the colour of your skin. Now we have discrimination down to a science. †

Challenges in Mozambique

MOZAMBIQUE’S CHALLENGES By Alina Sandra Silvi Abstract Mozambique, by its official name the Republic of Mozambique is a country in south-eastern Africa which in 1505 was colonized by Portugal. The country became independent in 1975 but in 1977 a civil war started and lasted for 15 years†¦ by the end an estimated one million lives were lost. However, lots of things have changed for Mozambique in a decade; â€Å"from being one of the poorest countries on Earth, it has joined a rare group of success stories† (Vines A. , 2004).Today, its economy is booming, absolute poverty has fallen and all is due to increased production in agriculture – the main source through which people sustain their livelihoods. â€Å"The country’s economic performance has been spectacular since 1994, making it one of the greatest recipients of foreign capital inflows in Africa. These inflows and increasing domestic growth enabled government expenditure on social and infrastructur e projects to be doubled. Investment has included the two billion dollars BHP – Billiton aluminium smelter – the largest single investment in Mozambique’s history† (Vines A. 2004) Introduction This report will analyze some of the problems that Mozambique is still facing because despite the positive aspects presented, Mozambique is still struggling to achieve the eight Millennium Development Goals. The paper will focus on three inequalities although all of them are interrelated and all need to be achieved equally for a sustainable development of the country. First of all, the eradication of absolute poverty and hunger will be evaluated because half of Mozambique’s population is still living below poverty line.Secondly, the achieving of universal education will be assessed because through education people become more informed and develop skills which can help them to improve their lives; someone once said, â€Å"Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day, teach a man to fish and he will eat for a lifetime† (Madi M. and Wilson E. , 2005). In the end, the report will look at the impact of HIV/AIDS and other diseases on people and at how they can be combated. 1. Extreme poverty and hunger Every day we hear on the news or read in the newspapers that more and more people are starving and live in extreme poverty.This is also the case of Mozambique, a rich country due to its natural resources, with an economy considered of huge potential but where people still live in unimaginable conditions and got to bed with their stomachs aching due to the lack of food. Lappe et al (1998) present in their book some of the ‘causes’ of the hunger and also prove that they are only myths†¦ myths which can be contradicted. For example, one of the myths says that there is not enough food in the world and that is why some people go hungry†¦ ut, in fact, the world today produces enough grain itself in order to feed everyone a nd to provide them with thirty-five hundred calories per day. The American Association for the Advancement of Science found in a study that 78% of all undernourished children under five live in developing countries with food surpluses (Lappe, F. M. et al, 1998). Also countries such as India, Africa and Bangladesh, where hunger is at a high level, export much more in agricultural goods than they import. All these facts led to a single conclusion: that food scarcity is clearly not the cause of hunger.The main conclusion of the book – World hunger: 12 myths (Lappe, F. M. et al, 1998) – is that hunger is driven by poverty because people are too poor to buy readily available food and all this requires political not agrotechnical solutions. Allen, T. and Thomas, A. (2000) stated, â€Å"Chronic hunger is related to poverty and a persistent failure to generate sufficient entitlements in a society†. The World Bank measures poverty by the percentage of people living below an income of one US dollar per day. (see appendix 1, fig. ) The proportion of the population living under the poverty line declined from 69. 4% in 1997 to 54. 1% in 2003. The main factor that led to such an improvement was the economic growth rate which was above 7% for much of the past decade. To continue the strong commitment and leadership proved since the achievement of PARPA I the Government of Mozambique have now implemented PARPA II which will be developed under the â€Å"areas of macro-economy and poverty, governance, economic development, human capital and cross-cutting issues† (Mozambique second MDG report, 2005). 2. EducationThe second Millenium Development Goal’s – Achieve universal primary education – target is â€Å"to ensure that, by 2015, all boys and girls are able to complete a full course of primary schooling† (Mozambique second MDG report, 2005). In 1975, when the Portuguese left the country, Mozambique’s only university lost most of its teaching staff and was forced to play its role in developing skilled manpower for the socialist experiment. The system of primary education in Mozambique contains two cycles: a lower level of five years (EP1) followed by two years of higher level (EP2).The net enrolment rate (NER) for EP1 increased substantially between 1997 and 2003, from 44% to 69. 4% (Mozambique second MDG report, 2005). Despite this progress Mozambique is still facing a high level of geographical and residential disparities, and also a gender gap – the NER for girls in EP1 was 66. 4% compared to 72. 4% among boys (Mozambique second MDG report, 2005). The completion rates in EP1 also increased from 22% in 1997 to 38. 7% in 2003, however, the country will not achieve the MDG target for 2015 if substantial and financial resources are not invested in the system.The World Bank stated in a report in 1985 that the role of literacy it is very powerful in determining a population’s level o f mortality and also suggested that â€Å"this factor carries far more weight than many others, including income growth† (Allen, T. and Thomas, A. , 2000) Female education also has an important role in providing good health because an educated woman is capable of creating a healthier environment for her family. This idea has been supported by two of the World Bank’s publications – one in 1983 and the other in ten years later (Allen, T. and Thomas, A. , 2000).In order to solve the education problem a first Education Sector Strategic Plan (ESSP I) was implemented for 1999-2003 period. The plan’s goal was to improve the education system in order to promote economic and social development and poverty reduction in Mozambique (Mozambique second MDG report, 2005). In 2005, the second ESSP was approved covering the period 2005-2009; its role is to continue the work of the first ESSP but also to strengthen it. 3. HIV/AIDS and other diseases The death rate of child ren under five years old in the least developed countries is 40% and the rate for people under 65 is 84% compared with only . 7% and 23% respectively in rich countries (Allen, T. and Thomas, A. , 2000) . All these deaths are generated by diseases attack, especially the infectious and parasitic ones. The greatest threats for Mozambique’s development are HIV/AIDS. From 1998 to 2004 the HIV/AIDS prevalence among adults has increased from 8. 2% to 16. 2% although it varies greatly between the three regions of the country. (see appendix 1, fig. 2) In 2003 1. 5 million Mozambicans had HIV/AIDS (8% of total population) the majority being represented by women (58%). Among those living with HIV/AIDS 5. 8% were children under 15 years old.An important thing to bear in mind is that just as HIV and AIDS generate poverty and inequalities so do poverty and inequality facilitate the transmission of HIV. This happens because people in poor areas do not have the necessary income in order to b uy condoms or an easy access to health facilities and HIV infection programmes. Today, HIV accounts for considerable mortality and morbidity and â€Å"the UN programme UNAIDS recently estimated that by the end of 1996 more than 23 million people worldwide were infected with HIV and more than 6 million people had died with AIDS† (World Bank, 1997).Moreover, HIV/AIDS facilitate the transmission of other infectious diseases such as tuberculosis (TB); the most vulnerable one being again the poor ones who live in overcrowded conditions and have very low incomes. In fact, â€Å"TB is now one of the leading causes of death among adults in many developing countries and it is estimated that it kills about three million people a year. The increase in fatal cases parallels the AIDS epidemic in many countries† (Allen, T. and Thomas, A. , 2000).In order to confront this problem, in 2002, a multi-sectoral National AIDS Council (NAC) was created to lead and coordinate the national re sponse to HIV/AIDS. The government also revised its National Strategic Plan to Combat HIV/AIDS and created a second one, for the period 2005-2009, that â€Å"will prioritise the following seven areas: prevention, advocacy, stigma and discrimination, treatment, mitigation, research and investigation and coordination of the national response† (Mozambique second MDG report, 2005). ConclusionThis report presented only three of the inequalities facing Mozambique when, in fact, there are much more and all of them are interrelated, creating a vicious cycle that needs to be broken in order to achieve a full and satisfactory development. The Secretary-General has outlined a number of priorities for UN action to sustain the development of all countries in Africa: * Regional structures must be strengthened; * Their economies have to be diversified and increase the promotion of ‘free-market’ and ‘free-trade’; * Promotion of a Green-Revolution by financing the de velopment of high-yield food crops etc. UN Chronicle, 1995) List of references: Allen, T. and Thomas, A. (2000) Poverty and development into the 21st century Lappe, F. M. , Collins, J. and Rosset, P. (1998) World hunger: 12 Myths Madi, M. And Wilson, E. (2005) Poverty in Africa. The world today journal, vol. 61, no. 11 Report on the Millenium Development Goals – Mozambique (2005) [online] available from [12 February 2011] Vines, A. (2004) Mozambique: Orderly change. World development journal, vol. 60, no. 12 UN Chronicle (1995) vol. XXXII, no. 4

Rococo, French Baroque and Classicism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rococo, French Baroque and Classicism - Essay Example Rococo art is characterized by elegance compared to the classical approach which emphasized grandeur and symmetry making it a prerogative and preference of the aristocracy. It is more ornate whose approach complements the overall architecture and paintings of a home or structure and is praised for its aesthetic qualities. It objective is to appeal to the senses of its audience rather than evoke or stimulate the intellect. It strives for no deeper meaning other than to be beautiful and ornamental. Thus, it serves the elegant taste and ornamental use of the aristocrats making it their prerogative. For example, the murals that adorn the buildings and the homes of the aristocrats in the eighteenth century were Rococo in approach attesting their preference and for the art movement. The Rococo as an art movement was not received well from its inception and had been criticized as superficial owing to its ornamental and aesthetic approach. This criticism came from the perspective of the prev ailing art genre during that time which was French Baroque and Classicism. As an art movement, it even took a while for Rococo art to be formally recognized by art historians that only in the mid nineteenth century was it formally recognized. Having said this, philosophers became critical of the Rococo movement because it emphasizes elegance and aesthetics which run in contrast to philosophy which emphasizes depth and search for meaning. Philosophy is also particular about rules, symmetry and harmony which Rococo.

How the Vitamin War changed America Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How the Vitamin War changed America - Assignment Example Vietnam War badly shook public confidence in their government and an extraordinary number of Americans openly criticized their public institutions. The Vietnam War was lost inside America, and the victories and achievements on the war turf stood useless (Rother, 2007). The American Engagement in Vietnam took a huge economic toll on the country. The two decades of war necessitated huge human and financial resources. This resulted in a complete stagflation of American and European economies. Since the start of the war, the cost of living increased by 16% in 1970. Inflation led to complete wipe out of any economic gains that Americans could have had from their jobs. Others lost their jobs and still others saw their wages lowered to support the government spending on the war. President Lyndon Johnson asked Congress for extra taxes to help cover up the war expenses. There was only way he was getting this money; by cutting down on domestic spending. During this time, the government shut do wn many social programs to finance the Vietnam War, further incarcerating it in the public’s eyes. In the end, this war cost President Johnson his presidency. It made Americans skeptical about ever going to war again. Vietnam War taught Americans that there are limits to the supremacy of American power. America chose to remain out of world affairs for many years after the war (Rother, 2007). The Vietnam War changed the American presidency forever as well. People became more outspoken about putting a cap of presidential powers especially during war times. The â€Å"War Powers Act† of 1973 put an end to extraordinary presidential powers during wartime. The war also affected our military and Americans had a newfound respect and love for their soldiers that had never been experienced before. General Maxwell Taylor was one of the key figures during the war, he says, "first, we didn't know ourselves. We thought that we were going into another Korean war, but this was a diffe rent country. Secondly, we did not know our South Vietnamese allies †¦ And we knew less about North Vietnam. Who was Ho Chi Minh? Nobody really knew. Therefore, until we know the enemy, know our allies, and know ourselves, we had better keep out of this kind of dirty business. It's very dangerous." Many soldiers of the Vietnam War were young men, mere teenagers. They could not handle the stresses of war and indulged in drugs; marijuana was the drug of choice as it grew freely in Vietnam. At the end of the war, America welcomed thousands of men who had been scarred irreparably by the war. These soldiers could not be re incorporated into the society as they had no education or skills regarding anything but fighting (Brush, 2002; Wells & Gitlin, 2005). American culture during the Vietnam war was largely dictated by its image in media; and this I mage was not a good one. It was the first war in American history that was broadcast on television. This brought the war home for many pe ople as they witnessed the horrors firsthand. The nightly news counted the casualties everyday and people witnessed the bloody terror of bombings in their own living rooms. At the start of the war, the Vietnam War was depicted as a very positive event in American history, but s time passed the media and public view of the war changed drastically. It became a rat race among

The Disparity Rate between Women Committing and Incarcerated for Essay

The Disparity Rate between Women Committing and Incarcerated for Crimes in America vs Men Committing Crimes - Essay Example In order to do this, I will discuss the influence of traditional gender stereotypes and the false impression of equality to provide support for the argument that women are indeed mistreated in the workplace; and the stories and characteristics of women who become successful in the corporate world, and the true origin of the glass ceiling, if gender-based or policy-initiated, to substantiate the claim that the glass ceiling has been broken and that women are actually treated well and respected in the corporate world. II. The Glass Ceiling: Women are mistreated in the Workplace Traditional gender stereotypes have historically positioned women in a child-rearing, nurturing, passive and subservient role whereas men are perceived as the governing, more forceful gender. Self-assured and aggressive behaviors of the males are regarded as more important due to its attributes of objectivity, lack of prejudice, and focus toward analytical work or problem solving. Traditional views of males indi cate they are more appropriate to managerial and executive positions than females due to their leadership orientation. Men seem to be more commanding or domineering whereas women go for a more involved and compassionate approach. Further traditional or stereotypical perspectives on the variation men and women are seen from a psychoanalytical point of view in a current commentary in the American Psychologist by the well-known Harry Levinson. As Levinson states, the male focus and orientation is characterized as incursion and drive against the female orientation of participation and environment. The entire psychology of management is all about self-assured approach and power; either to be on the top or on the bottom, defenseless, reliant and exploited (Coyne et al., 2004). Gender discrimination frequently prohibits women from management and executive positions. Gender stereotypes advocate males are mentally or intellectually better than women, are more psychologically stable, and are more focused on achievement and more aggressive than women. Effective and successful managers and executives are believed to have masculine features and attributes. Stereotypical belief and philosophy in organizations not merely affects the staffing and hiring of women to certain positions, it as well influences career growth and development and performance assessment. Societal standards and thoughts with respect to women often restrain women from being selected for managerial and executive positions in the business world. Terborg (1977) claimed the presence of a male managerial paradigm which states that women must not or cannot be effective managers or executives, which then preserves societal standards. Moreover, Terborg (1977) observed women often are disheartened or strained by occupational therapists and family members not to pursue nonconventional jobs, such as managerial positions. Goodale & Hall (1976) discovered students of high school of both genders who had comparable go als for college and career preference were not supported evenly by their families. Male students revealed their parents showed substantially more pressure and attention to their career aspirations than did the female students’ parents. Women who were rejected admission into medical colleges obtained

Chemistry Lab report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chemistry Lab report - Coursework Example In this lab, we aim to build a working model of a self heating cup using the heat released during an exothermic reaction. We shall also compare two chemical reactions to find which reactant causes water in the cup to reach higher temperature in a shorter duration. In our simulation of the self-heating cup, the heat energy from an exothermic reaction is used to heat water. Temperature of the water in the cup increases due to transfer of heat energy from the reaction to the cup through conduction. If there is no heat loss during the experiment, A plastic cup was covered with aluminum foil to prevent its melting on exposure to heat. Tap water (75 mL) was added to the cup. To prevent heat loss from the cup, a lid made of aluminum foil was placed over the cup and two holes were made to the lid. Through one hole in the lid, a digital thermometer was placed to record temperature of water in the cup. The digital thermometer was connected to a data logger in order to record the temperature and to plot a temperature-time graph. A glass rod was placed through the other hole for stirring. The outer walls and bottom of a clean beaker were covered by aluminum foil in order to prevent heat loss during the reaction. Anhydrous calcium chloride (61.95 g) was added to the beaker. Water to be added to the calcium chloride was measured (61 mL) and kept handy. Just before placing the cup on the beaker, the recording of temperature of water in the cup was started. Water was added to calcium chloride in the beaker and immediately, the cup was placed on the beaker, touching the solution. Temperature was recorded for 10 minutes, with constant stirring using the glass rod. The stirring is essential to ensure even heating of water in the cup. A new cup and beaker were readied in a similar manner. To the new beaker, copper sulfate (9.25 g) and zinc powder (4.8 g) were added. When the apparatus was set up, 5 mL